Flat out

Espaliering trees helps make the most of garden spaces and creates an artistic feature, writes horticulturist Angie Thomas.

Espalier is the technique of training trees to grow flat across a wall or vertical frame. The most common espalier trees are apples and pears (above), however citrus like lemons, limes, mandarins and cumquats are also ideal candidates. An espaliered citrus tree can disguise a less- than-attractive surface, maximise your growing space and create a beautiful garden feature. It’s time to go flat! Citrus trees have the winning trifecta: year-round glossy green leaves, white perfumed flowers in spring, and colourful and delicious fruit during the cooler months. Here’s how to turn that magic into an espalier.

Site

Citrus are sun lovers, so pick a spot that receives at least six hours of sunshine a day and has well-drained soil (citrus do not tolerate soggy soil). You can also grow an espalier citrus in a 40–50cm diameter pot, which is a great option for balcony or courtyard gardens.

Framework

Create a lattice framework using narrow lengths of timber or sturdy wires. Most espalier designs consist of a central vertical post and a series of horizontal supports, spaced approximately 30cm apart, starting 30–50cm above the soil. Attach the framework to the fence or wall with suitable hardware fittings.

Tree selection

At the garden centre, choose a tree that has a combination of a strong central stem and a few horizonal stems, preferably growing out from opposite sides of the tree.

Planting

Dig a hole near the base of the centre of the framework, 30cm away from the wall or fence. The hole should be twice as wide as the root ball. Mix some organic soil improver in the soil dug from the hole, use this to backfill around the roots, and water in well.

Training and Pruning

After planting, use soft ties to attach the central stem to the vertical support. Gently bend and attach the side stems to the horizontal supports. Trim off any stems that are growing outwards away from the framework. Espaliered trees require regular trimming to keep them to the desired form and shape. As the tree grows, remove any stems that develop below the lowest horizontal wire (or below the graft), prune off any wayward or outward facing growth and continue to attach stems to the horizontal supports as they lengthen.

Feeding

Citrus trees are big feeders, so to help promote the best possible growth and harvest, feed regularly with a specialised citrus food like Yates Thrive Citrus Liquid Plant Food.

Protection

Citrus trees are prone to common insect pests like aphids, citrus leaf miner and bronze orange bug. Control or prevent these pests with an organic spray, like Yates Nature’s Way Citrus & Ornamental Spray